As of approximately 2015, the majority of the world's human population now lives in urban areas.  However, it is the most vulnerable parts of the world's cities that are growing the fastest, exposing millions of people to water-borne diseases, extreme weather  hazards, and other threats related to climate change. There are opportunities for students and researchers to engage in creative thinking on strategies to mitigate potential negative impacts upon vulnerable populations.  Mitigation and adaption approaches will be shared in this lecture.