The science of acquiring information about the Earth's surface without actually being in contact with it. This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information.
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The physics and mathematics of how radiation passes through a medium that may contain any combination of scatterers, absorbers, and emitters.
Oceanography is an interdisciplinary science that uses insights from biology, chemistry, geology, meteorology, and physics to analyze ocean currents, marine ecosystems, ocean storms, waves, ocean plate tectonics, and features of the ocean floor, including exotic biomes such as cold seeps and hydrothermal vents.
Numerical weather prediction uses current weather conditions as input into mathematical models of the atmosphere to predict the weather.
The study of weather systems smaller than synoptic scale systems but larger than microscale and storm-scale cumulus systems. Horizontal dimensions generally range from around 5 kilometers to several hundred kilometers. Examples of mesoscale weather systems are sea breezes, squall lines, and mesoscale convective complexes.
The study interactions between the earth's surface, especially terrestrial ecosystems, and the atmospheric boundary layer, and the impacts of these interactions on weather and climate.
Cloud physics is the study of the physical processes that lead to the formation, growth, electrification, and precipitation of clouds.
The meteorological conditions, including temperature, precipitation, and wind, that characteristically prevail in a particular region.
The study of those motions of the atmosphere that are associated with weather and climate.
The study of the chemical composition of the Earth's atmosphere. Topics include the emission, transport, and deposition of atmospheric chemical species; the rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions taking place in the atmosphere; and the effects of atmospheric species on human health, the biosphere, and climate.